Research + Reform
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Stats & Facts
- Prevalence of child sexual abuse
- Nature of child sexual abuse: risk factors & dynamics
- Disclosure of child sexual abuse
- Harmful sexual behaviours (incl. peer-instigated abuse)
- Child sex offenders
- Convicting, treating & managing child sex offenders
- Child sexual abuse & religious organisations
- The impact of child sexual abuse
- The cost of child sexual abuse
- Child sexual abuse: prevention & education
- Community views on child sexual abuse
- Online risks, child exploitation & grooming
- Research
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Bravehearts Research
Bravehearts’ Research supports our lobbying and legislative reform initiatives to promote the protection of children.
Bravehearts’ research promotes an evidence-based approach to addressing child sexual abuse. Through our research initiatives, we strive to make an original contribution to the knowledge and understanding of this horrendous crime by ensuring that the voices and rights of children and victims are heard and that their contributions are included in the debate and development of community and government responses.
Bravehearts’ Research Team and Advisory Groups
Our research team works collaboratively with knowledge partners including leading researchers, Universities, State & Federal government departments and agencies, and is supported by our Executive Research Advisory Panel. Some of this work includes:
- ACCCE Research Working Group
- ANZSOC ‘Understanding, preventing and responding to sexual violence and abuse’ group
- Child Rights Taskforce
- Power to Kids National Advisory Committee
- Out of the Dark Committee, Qld Family and Child Commission
- Queensland Child Protection Advocates Group
- Sexual Violence Research & Prevention Unit, University of the Sunshine Coast
- Stopping Gender Violence Advisory Board, QUT Centre for Justice
- Twitter Trust and Safety Council
- Westpac Advisory Group, Child Sexual Exploitation Advisory Group
Current Bravehearts Research Projects
This research is funded by the National Centre for Action on Child Sexual Abuse and is being conducted by a research team from the Ai for Law Enforcement and Community Safety (AiLECS) lab at Monash University and Bravehearts Foundation.
The purpose of this research is to establish a lived-experience evidence base to assure that victim and survivor perspectives are more clearly acknowledged and addressed in the design and implementation of tools and processes that support institutional uses of CSAM (this may include use for investigation or prosecution of child sexual abuse cases, or as data in broader crime prevention research, including development of technology solutions to counter CSAM). The study is primarily focused on the views of victims and survivors, but will also gather the views of individuals who may use CSAM in a professional capacity, such as law enforcement officers; and with other individuals who work in advocacy or support services for child abuse victims and survivors. The research aims to draw on the lived expertise of survivors to develop and validate trauma-informed and survivor-centred policy/practice guidance for the use of CSAM in institutional contexts.
Building on earlier ANROWS Circles of Support and Accountability evaluation sub-research on victim/survivor views of reintegration/offender management programs, Bravehearts is working with colleagues from the Queensland University of Technology (Dr Jodi Death, Associate Professor Kelly Richards, Dr Michael Chataway, and Mr Chris Emzin), on a CRG funded project that will focus on the views of victims/survivors of sexual violence about sex offender reintegration
Researchers from the Institute of Child Protection Studies (Australian Catholic University), are undertaken several rapid-evidence assessment pieces including:
- Rapid Evidence Review on parent engagement in child sexual abuse prevention education.
- Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) on young people with disability, neurodiversity, neurodevelopmental differences or neuro-atypicality and child sexual abuse.
- Rapid Evidence Assessment on programs for harmful sexual behaviours between siblings.
Bravehearts is working with our research partners at the University of Haifa (Professor Rachel Lev-Wiesel and Dr Limor Goldner), the University of South Australia (Associate Professor Elspeth McInnes) and Anima-ey (Ben Zaneti), to explore whether therapists responding to child sexual abuse victims find artificial intelligence analysis (developed by Anima-ey and the University of Haifa) of victims’ self-figure drawings to be useful in assessing child sexual abuse.
In conjunction with our research partners at La Trobe University (Dr Tiffany Howell) and Cairnmillar Institute (Dr David Butler) Bravehearts is conducting a research trial looking at the impact of support dogs on therapeutic interventions. The research will include both live support dogs and, in recognition of identified barriers (including cost, training, insurance, animal welfare), robotic dogs.
Reports and Publications
See: Chapman, R.L., Baselmans, C., Howell, T.J., Ronken, C., & Butler, D. (2024). Exploring the Benefits of Dog-Assisted Therapy for the Treatment of Complex Trauma in Children: A Systematic Review. Children, 11. https://
DOI: 10.3390/children11081017
This report, prepared for Bravehearts by researchers at the Institute of Child Protection Studies (Australian Catholic University) synthesizes the findings from various studies identified in a rapid evidence assessment (REA) reviewing research on the management of harmful sexual behaviours (HSBs) in adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC). The paper highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to addressing challenges identified in this complex and critical area of research and clinical practice..
Trew, S., & Douglas, R. (2024). A Rapid Evidence Assessment on The Effectiveness of Interventions for Autistic Adolescents with Harmful Sexual Behaviors. Trauma Violence Abuse. 25(4): 3149-3163. doi: 10.1177/15248380241241024.
This report, prepared for Bravehearts by researchers at the Institute of Child Protection Studies (Australian Catholic University) presents a synthesis of existing literature on siblings’ use of harmful sexual behaviour (HSB), also referred to as sibling sexual abuse (SSA). It provides an overview of the risk and protective factors (both for engaging in HSB towards siblings, and for experiencing sexual abuse from a sibling), disclosure patterns and responses to disclosure, and therapeutic responses or other interventions for victims and children and young people instigating SSA.
Russell, D. H., Trew, S., Hunt, G., Dickson, J., & Higgins, D. J. (2023). The risk and protective factors, response to disclosure, and interventions for sibling sexual abuse: A systematic review, Australian Catholic University. DOI: 10.26199/acu.906qz
This report, prepared for Bravehearts by researchers at the Institute of Child Protection Studies (Australian Catholic University) seeks to review the benefit of involving parents in child-focused CSA prevention programs. Recent research has suggested a need to involve parents more in CSA prevention. Research evaluating programs that engage parents often neglects to evaluate the impact or effect of engaging parents on program outcomes, making it difficult to understand how, when, and in what ways parents can be involved effectively in programs
Russell DH, Trew S, Harris L, Dickson J, Walsh K, Higgins DJ, Smith R. (2024). Engaging Parents in Child-Focused Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Strategies: A Systematic Review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2024, 25(4):3082-3098. doi: 10.1177/15248380241235895.
Richards, K., Death, J. and Ronken, C. (2023). The views of victim/survivors of sexual violence about perpetrator post-release measures. Criminal Justice Studies, 36(4), 418-437, DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2218531
Ronken, C. (2022). Observations from the field. In L. Sleep and P. Henman (eds.) ADM in Child and Family Services: Mapping what is happening and what we know. ADM+S Working Paper Series 2022 (002), ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society, DOI: 10.25916/n86m-km33
Bravehearts was contracted by the NQPHN in July 2020 to deliver services to disadvantaged and disengaged children and young people who have experienced trauma-related issues, and their families, through the Mackay, Whitsunday and Isaac Council Regions. The Courage Project provides therapeutic and advocacy supports to children and young people under the age of 14 who have experienced, or are at risk of experiencing, physical and/or sexual abuse and are at risk of self-harm.
This report outlines an initial evaluation of The Courage Project. As The Courage Project is in the early stage of its operation, a formative evaluation was undertaken to understand the successes and challenges faced in implementation and the degree to which the program is meeting its intended purpose and outcomes.
Child sexual abuse is associated with a range of often detrimental and interrelated outcomes. Bravehearts’ multidisciplinary counselling service has been providing specialist therapeutic support to victims/survivors of child sexual abuse, children and young people at risk of sexual harm, and non-offending family members, for over two decades.
The aim of this evaluation is specifically to:
- Understand levels of client symptomology and functioning at commencement of counselling for two distinct client groups (child/adolescent clients, and adult clients).
- Examine changes in client symptomology and functioning from commencement to completion of counselling for these client groups.
- Understand perceptions of Bravehearts’ therapeutic services and related outcomes for child/adolescent and adult clients.
Read the Evaluation of Bravehearts Therapeutic Services – Final Report.
Richards, K., Death, J. and Ronken, C. (2021). What do victim/survivors of sexual violence think about Circles of Support and Accountability. Victims & Offenders, 16(6) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1850578
This report, prepared for Bravehearts by researchers at the Institute of Child Protection Studies (Australian Catholic University) presents the current state of child sexual abuse prevention programs, reviewing their utility and effectiveness for child sexual abuse prevention education for children. It includes recommendations about the design and delivery of programs for preschoolers and children in the early primary school years (aged 2-8 years) that need to be considered when adapting and delivering prevention education online.
See: Trew, S., Russell, D.H., Higgins, D.J., & Walsh, K. (2021). Effective delivery methods and teaching strategies for child sexual abuse prevention: A rapid evidence check. Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University.DOI:10.26199/rdbq-xm46
Ronken, C., Richards, K. and Death, J. (2021). Survivors’ views about reintegrating people who have sexually offended. NOTA Bulletin Board
Richards, K., Ronken, C., Death, J. and McCartan, K. (2020). Inside an Innovative Program Helping Sex Offenders Reintegrate into Society – and why it works. [Online] https://theconversation.com/inside-an-innovative-program-helping-sex-offenders-reintegrate-into-society-and-why-it-works-136513
Child sexual abuse is associated with a range of often detrimental and interrelated outcomes. Bravehearts’ multidisciplinary counselling service has been providing specialist therapeutic support to victims/survivors of child sexual abuse, children and young people at risk of sexual harm, and non-offending family members, for over two decades.
The aim of this evaluation is specifically to:
- Understand levels of client symptomology and functioning at commencement of counselling for two distinct client groups (child/adolescent clients, and adult clients).
- Examine changes in client symptomology and functioning from commencement to completion of counselling for these client groups.
- Understand perceptions of Bravehearts’ therapeutic services and related outcomes for child/adolescent and adult clients.
Read the Evaluation of Bravehearts’ Therapeutic Services Preliminary Report.
McGillivray, C., Pidgeon, A., Ronken C., and Credland-Ballantyne, C. (2018). Resilience in non-offending mothers of children who have reported experiencing sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(7), 793-810.
Ronken, C. (2017). Towards Prevention: Understanding child sexual assault. In R. Manocha (ed.) Growing Happy, Healthy Young Minds. Sydney: Hachette Australia.
The Sexual Assault Disclosure Scheme (SADS) was developed by Bravehearts as a means to reduce the barriers to disclosure and reporting among adult survivors of child sexual abuse. SADS currently operates in all jurisdictions across Australia and provides adult survivors with a safe and non-confrontational means of officially reporting historic cases of child sexual abuse.
Through SADS, survivors are able to report their experiences anonymously to the police, while receiving support from Bravehearts’ specialised case management and counselling staff. In reducing the barriers to disclosure, SADS also aims to increase the number of offenses being reported to the authorities, which might otherwise not have come to police attention.
The aim of the current project was to conduct a comprehensive internal evaluation of SADS. Specifically, the goals of this evaluation were to determine the effectiveness of SADS, to understand the processes surrounding its implementation and use, and identify areas to increase the effectiveness of the scheme.
Read the Evaluation of Bravehearts’ Sexual Assault Disclosure Scheme.
Bravehearts engaged the services of an organisational psychologist to evaluate and report on the effectiveness of the ‘Ditto’s Keep Safe Adventure’ education program and activity book. The evaluation criterion was the extent to which the 3 primary learning objectives are achieved. The data collected demonstrated that the program is age-appropriate and that the children were engaged and interested throughout the show.
Teachers advocated a strong recommendation for the program and the parent survey results point to the value of the activity book. The evaluation concluded that the education program is a vital and effective prevention strategy with convincing evidence supporting the benefits of a state-wide initiative to reduce the harmful effects and costs of sexual assault against children.
Abbey’s Project is a Discussion Paper written by Bravehearts that highlights the failings of the Family Law System. Published in June 2016, the Paper puts forward 30 recommendations, the first being that a Royal Commission is established to scrutinise the failed Family Law System.
Real stories of families who have been let down by the Family Law System informed Abbey’s Project, including the story of Abbey who tragically died by suicide after being allowed by the Courts to spend time with her father; a convicted child sex offender.
Read Abbey’s Project.
Research Information & Applications
Bravehearts endeavours to ensure that all research, undertaken by the organisation or in collaboration with the organisation, is underpinned by the values and principles outlined in the Bravehearts Research Policy document.
This policy is designed to outline the principles adopted by Bravehearts to ensure the ethical conduct of its research and research conducted in collaboration with external researchers. Bravehearts adopts the principles outlined in the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, and the Ethical Considerations in Quality Assurance and Evaluation Activities.
To provide a transparent ethical approach to Bravehearts research, Bravehearts has an established Ethical Research Advisory Committee (ERAC).
To promote transparency and good research practice, the ERAC will at all times include, as a minimum, Bravehearts’ Director of Research, one other senior member of Bravehearts’ staff, and two external academics or researchers.
Contact our research team on research@bravehearts.org.au to obtain a copy of our latest research policy.
Bravehearts requires anyone conducting research to complete an ethics research proposal form for review. This includes, but is not limited to, any employee of Bravehearts, students wishing to access the service or service users, and any external researcher.
You can download this form here: External Application to do research.
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The Government understands the importance of preventing child sexual abuse, increasing understanding of child abuse and providing advice and support to survivors… I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the important contribution your organisation makes in helping to keep Australia’s children safe.
– The Hon Jenny Macklin